JavaScript is a popular programming language used for creating interactive and dynamic web pages. It was created in 1995 by Brendan Eich, and since then, it has become one of the most widely used programming languages on the internet. JavaScript is essential for web development as it helps to enhance the user interface, validate forms, and create animations.
JavaScript is not only used for front-end development but also for back-end development using frameworks like Node.js. With its versatility, JavaScript is now used in various fields, including game development, mobile application development, and robotics.
JavaScript programming assignments can be complex and time-consuming, requiring expertise in a range of topics such as variables, loops, functions, objects, and events. Moreover, students need to have a good understanding of various concepts and methods such as AJAX, JSON, and DOM to create dynamic and interactive web pages.
At ankitcodinghub.com, we have a team of experienced JavaScript developers who are experts in creating dynamic web pages and back-end development using Node.js. Our team has been providing top-notch JavaScript homework help for years and has helped numerous students achieve excellent grades in their assignments.
Our experts are proficient in various JavaScript frameworks such as React.js, Angular.js, and Vue.js, and can provide custom solutions for your assignments. They are well-versed in various concepts and methods such as AJAX, JSON, and DOM, and can help you create dynamic and interactive web pages.
At ankitcodinghub.com, we are committed to providing our clients with high-quality solutions that are plagiarism-free and delivered within the deadline. We understand that timely submission is crucial for academic success, and our experts work round the clock to ensure that you receive your solutions on time.
In conclusion, JavaScript is an essential programming language for web development, and understanding its concepts and methods is vital for creating dynamic and interactive web pages. At ankitcodinghub.com, we have expertise in providing JavaScript homework help and can help you achieve excellent grades in your assignments. Contact us today and let us help you achieve your academic goals.
Here are some examples of JavaScript code:
Simple Hello World program:
console.log("Hello World!");
Adding two numbers and printing the result:
let a = 5;
let b = 7;
let sum = a + b;
console.log("The sum of", a, "and", b, "is", sum);
Creating a function to calculate the factorial of a number:
function factorial(n) {
if (n === 0) {
return 1;
} else {
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
}
console.log("Factorial of 5 is:", factorial(5));
Using a loop to print the Fibonacci sequence:
let fib = [0, 1];
for (let i = 2; i < 10; i++) {
fib[i] = fib[i - 1] + fib[i - 2];
}
console.log("The first 10 numbers in the Fibonacci sequence are:", fib.join(", "));
These are just a few examples of the many things that can be done with JavaScript. At Ankitcodinghub.com, we have experts who can help you with your JavaScript programming assignments and projects.
Data structures are a way of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be accessed and modified efficiently. Some common data structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs.
One of the most commonly used data structures is the array, which is a fixed-size collection of elements of the same type. Arrays are simple to use and efficient for indexed (random) access, but adding or removing elements can be slow if the array needs to be resized.
Another popular data structure is the linked list, which is a collection of elements called nodes, where each node contains an element and a reference to the next node in the list. Linked lists are useful for inserting or removing elements at the beginning or end of the list, but indexed access is slow.
Stacks and queues are also commonly used data structures. A stack is a last-in, first-out (LIFO) data structure, while a queue is a first-in, first-out (FIFO) data structure. They both are useful for certain situations like keeping track of function call history or orders of elements need to be accessed
Trees and graphs are more complex data structures that are used to represent hierarchical or network relationships between elements. Trees are a type of graph that have certain constraints, such as the fact that there is only one path between any two nodes.
When learning to work with data structures, it is also important to understand the different algorithms that can be used to manipulate them, such as searching and sorting algorithms. For example, the binary search algorithm is an efficient way to search for an element in a sorted array, while quicksort is a popular sorting algorithm that can be used to sort an array.
In general, the choice of which data structure to use for a given task will depend on the specific requirements of the problem and the trade-offs between different operations (e.g. insertions, deletions, lookups, etc.).Regenerate response
If you’re looking for help with a data structure assignment, there are a few things you can do to get the assistance you need.
Review the material: Make sure you have a good understanding of the concepts and algorithms associated with the data structures you are working with. If you are having trouble, try reviewing the material from your textbook or lecture notes, or watching online tutorials.
Ask your instructor or TA: Your instructor or TA is a great resource for help with your assignment. They can provide clarification on the assignment requirements, and may also be able to point you towards additional resources to help you better understand the material.
Seek out online resources: At www.ankitcodinghub.com we have a variety of online resources available, such as tutorials, videos, and forums, that can provide additional information and help you work through problems.
Form a study group: Forming a study group with your classmates can be a great way to learn from each other and get help on the assignment.
Consider seeking professional assistance: If you are still struggling to complete the assignment, you can also consider seeking assistance from a tutor or a professional. They can help you work through the problems and provide additional guidance and support.
It’s important to keep in mind that getting help doesn’t mean you’re not capable of completing the assignment on your own. It’s common for people to need assistance from time to time to better understand the material, and seeking help when needed is a great way to improve your understanding of data structures.
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C++ Programming Assignment Help | C++ Homework Help
The C++ programming language has a history going back to 1979, when Bjarne Stroustrup was doing work for his Ph.D. thesis. One of the languages Stroustrup had the opportunity to work with was a language called Simula, which as the name implies is a language primarily designed for simulations. The Simula 67 language – which was the variant that Stroustrup worked with – is regarded as the first language to support the object-oriented programming paradigm. Stroustrup found that this paradigm was very useful for software development, however the Simula language was far too slow for practical use.
C programming language was first introduced by Denis Ritchie at the AT &T’s Bell Laboratories USA in 1972 and was implemented for the first time in DEC PDP-11 computer. Denise Ritchie used the concepts of BCPL and B to develop C and added data typing and some other powerful features.
Shortly thereafter, he began work on “C with Classes”, which as the name implies was meant to be a superset of the C language. His goal was to add object-oriented programming into the C language, which was and still is a language well-respected for its portability without sacrificing speed or low-level functionality. His language included classes, basic inheritance, inlining, default function arguments, and strong type checking in addition to all the features of the C language.
The first C with Classes compiler was called Cfront, which was derived from a C compiler called CPre. It was a program designed to translate C with Classes code to ordinary C. A rather interesting point worth noting is that Cfront was written mostly in C with Classes, making it a self-hosting compiler (a compiler that can compile itself). Cfront would later be abandoned in 1993 after it became difficult to integrate new features into it, namely C++ exceptions. Nonetheless, Cfront made a huge impact on the implementations of future compilers and on the Unix operating system.
In 1983, the name of the language was changed from C with Classes to C++. The ++ operator in the C language is an operator for incrementing a variable, which gives some insight into how Stroustrup regarded the language. Many new features were added around this time, the most notable of which are virtual functions, function overloading, references with the & symbol, the const keyword, and single-line comments using two forward slashes (which is a feature taken from the language BCPL).
In 1985, Stroustrup’s reference to the language entitled The C++ Programming Language was published. That same year, C++ was implemented as a commercial product. The language was not officially standardized yet, making the book a very important reference. The language was updated again in 1989 to include protected and static members, as well as inheritance from several classes.
In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was released. The same year, Borland’s Turbo C++ compiler would be released as a commercial product. Turbo C++ added a plethora of additional libraries which would have a considerable impact on C++’s development. Although Turbo C++’s last stable release was in 2006, the compiler is still widely used.
In 1998, the C++ standards committee published the first international standard for C++ ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which would be informally known as C++98. The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was said to be a large influence in the development of the standard. The Standard Template Library, which began its conceptual development in 1979, was also included. In 2003, the committee responded to multiple problems that were reported with their 1998 standard, and revised it accordingly. The changed language was dubbed C++03.
In 2005, the C++ standards committee released a technical report (dubbed TR1) detailing various features they were planning to add to the latest C++ standard. The new standard was informally dubbed C++0x as it was expected to be released sometime before the end of the first decade. Ironically, however, the new standard would not be released until mid-2011. Several technical reports were released up until then, and some compilers began adding experimental support for the new features.
In mid-2011, the new C++ standard (dubbed C++11) was finished. The Boost library project made a considerable impact on the new standard, and some of the new modules were derived directly from the corresponding Boost libraries. Some of the new features included regular expression support (details on regular expressions may be found here), a comprehensive randomization library, a new C++ time library, atomics support, a standard threading library (which up until 2011 both C and C++ were lacking), a new for loop syntax providing functionality similar to foreach loops in certain other languages, the auto keyword, new container classes, better support for unions and array-initialization lists, and variadic templates.
Assembly language is a low-level programming language that provides a direct representation of the computer’s machine code. It is a fundamental programming language that is used to write programs that directly interface with the computer hardware, making it a vital skill for computer scientists, electrical engineers, and other professionals who work with embedded systems, operating systems, and low-level software.
Assembly language programming is complex and requires a deep understanding of computer architecture, operating systems, and low-level programming concepts. This makes it a challenging subject for students, and they may need help with their assignments and projects. AnkitCodingHub.com is an online platform that provides expert homework help in assembly language programming. Our experts have extensive experience in assembly language programming, and they can help students with their assignments, projects, and other academic needs.
Here are three examples of assembly language programming that our experts can help students with:
Counting the number of occurrences of a character in a string:
The following assembly language program counts the number of occurrences of a character in a string. It takes two arguments: the character to search for and the string to search in. The program then iterates through the string, counting the number of occurrences of the character.
section .data
char db 'a'
str db 'this is a test string'
section .text
global _start
_start:
mov ecx, 0 ; initialize the count to 0
mov esi, str ; set esi to point to the string
mov al, char ; set al to the character to search for
loop:
cmp byte [esi], 0 ; check if the end of the string has been reached
je end
cmp byte [esi], al ; check if the current character matches the search character
jne next
inc ecx ; increment the count
next:
inc esi ; move to the next character
jmp loop ; jump back to the start of the loop
end:
; the count is now in ecx
Computing the Fibonacci sequence:
The following assembly language program computes the first n numbers of the Fibonacci sequence. It takes one argument: the number of Fibonacci numbers to compute. The program uses a loop to compute each number in the sequence.
section .data
section .bss
fib resq 100 ; reserve space for the Fibonacci sequence
section .text
global _start
_start:
; initialize the first two numbers of the sequence
mov qword [fib], 0
mov qword [fib+8], 1
mov rcx, 2 ; start computing from the third number
mov rax, 1 ; initialize the previous number to 1
loop:
cmp rcx, 100 ; check if the desired number of Fibonacci numbers has been reached
jge end
mov rbx, [fib+rcx*8-16] ; get the previous number
add rbx, rax ; add it to the current number
mov [fib+rcx*8], rbx ; store the result in the Fibonacci sequence
mov rax, [fib+rcx*8-8] ; update the previous number
inc rcx ; move to the next number
jmp loop ; jump back to the start of the loop
end:
; the first 100 Fibonacci numbers are now in the fib array
Implementing a binary search:
The following assembly language program implements a binary search algorithm to find a number in a sorted array. It takes three arguments: the array, the number of elements in the array, and the number to search for. The program uses a loop to repeatedly divide the search.
Arduino is an open-source electronic prototyping platform that allows users to create interactive electronic objects. It was developed in Italy in 2005 and has since become very popular among hobbyists, students, and professionals alike. With its easy-to-use hardware and software, Arduino has democratized electronics and enabled people with little to no prior experience in programming or hardware to create their own projects.
The Arduino platform consists of a microcontroller board, a development environment, and a community of users and developers. The microcontroller board is the heart of the platform and provides the hardware interface between the user’s project and the environment. The development environment is a software tool that allows users to write, compile, and upload code to the board. It also includes a library of pre-written code that users can use in their projects. The community of users and developers is a vibrant and active community that provides support, tutorials, and examples of projects that can be built with Arduino.
Arduino is programmed using the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE), which is a software tool that allows users to write and upload code to the board. The IDE is based on the Processing programming language and provides an easy-to-use graphical interface for writing and uploading code. The code is written in C++, but the IDE provides a simplified version of the language that makes it easier for beginners to understand.
One of the key features of Arduino is its ability to interface with sensors and actuators. Sensors are devices that can detect changes in their environment, such as temperature, light, and motion. Actuators are devices that can cause changes in the environment, such as turning on a light or moving a motor. Arduino provides a wide range of sensors and actuators that can be easily connected to the board and programmed to interact with the environment.
Another feature of Arduino is its ability to communicate with other devices, such as computers and smartphones. Arduino can be connected to a computer or smartphone using a USB cable or Bluetooth, and can exchange data with the device. This allows users to create projects that can interact with the internet, social media, and other devices.
At ankitcodinghub.com, we have a team of experts who are experienced in Arduino programming and can provide homework help, assignment help, and project help. Our experts can help students with a wide range of Arduino projects, from simple LED blinkers to complex robotics projects. We provide step-by-step solutions that are easy to understand and follow, and we always make sure that our solutions are well-documented and commented.
Here are three examples of Arduino projects that our experts have worked on:
Smart Home Automation: Our experts have helped students build smart home automation systems using Arduino. These systems can control lights, fans, and other appliances using sensors and actuators. They can also be programmed to send notifications to the user’s smartphone when certain events occur, such as the door being left open or the temperature getting too high.
Weather Station: Our experts have helped students build weather stations using Arduino. These stations can measure temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure, and can display the data on an LCD screen or send it to a computer or smartphone. They can also be programmed to send alerts when certain weather conditions occur, such as high winds or heavy rain.
Robotics: Our experts have helped students build robots using Arduino. These robots can be programmed to move, sense their environment, and interact with other robots. They can also be programmed to perform specific tasks, such as following a line or avoiding obstacles.
In conclusion, Arduino is a powerful platform for electronic prototyping that has revolutionized the field of electronics. At ankitcodinghub.com, we have a team of experts who are experienced in Arduino programming and can provide homework help, assignment help, and project help.
Here are some examples of Arduino code:
Blinking LED
This is a basic example of how to blink an LED on and off using Arduino. The LED is connected to pin 13 on the Arduino board.
This example shows how to use an ultrasonic sensor to measure distance using Arduino. The ultrasonic sensor is connected to pins 11 and 12 on the Arduino board.
This example shows how to use a servo motor to control the position of an object using Arduino. The servo motor is connected to pin 9 on the Arduino board.
These are just a few examples of the many things you can do with Arduino. At AnkitCodingHub, we have experts who are proficient in Arduino and can provide you with comprehensive homework help and support with your projects.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a standard markup language used for creating web pages and applications. It is the backbone of the World Wide Web, and it’s used to structure and format content for display on the web.
HTML consists of a series of elements or tags that define how content should be displayed in a web browser. These tags include headings, paragraphs, links, images, tables, and more. By combining these elements, developers can create complex web pages and applications.
HTML is a core technology of the web, and it is essential for anyone who wants to build websites or web applications. In this post, we’ll discuss HTML in more detail and explore how AnkitCodingHub.com can help students with their HTML homework assignments.
HTML Examples:
Basic Webpage Structure Here’s an example of a basic HTML webpage structure. This includes the HTML, head, and body tags, as well as the title tag, which appears in the browser’s title bar. Inside the body tag, we have a header, paragraph, and an image:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Welcome to my webpage</h1>
</header>
<p>This is some text on my webpage.</p>
<img src="image.jpg" alt="My image">
</body>
</html>
Creating Links HTML allows developers to create links between pages or different parts of the same page. Here’s an example of a link that takes users to another webpage when clicked:
<a href="http://www.example.com">Click here to visit Example.com</a>
Building Tables Tables are a powerful tool for displaying data in HTML. Here’s an example of a simple table with three columns and three rows:
At AnkitCodingHub.com, we have a team of experienced HTML developers who are well-versed in all aspects of HTML programming. Our experts can provide homework help to students who are struggling with HTML assignments, and they can also help students learn HTML from scratch.
We offer personalized, one-on-one tutoring sessions to help students improve their understanding of HTML, and we can provide guidance on all aspects of HTML programming, including basic syntax, tags, and advanced features like CSS and JavaScript.
Whether you need help with a simple HTML webpage or a complex web application, our experts have the skills and expertise to help you succeed. We understand that HTML can be challenging for some students, which is why we take a personalized approach to every assignment and provide comprehensive support throughout the learning process.
In conclusion, HTML is a fundamental technology for anyone interested.
Ajax, which stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML, is a web development technique that enables the creation of dynamic web applications. It allows web pages to be updated asynchronously by exchanging data with a web server in the background, without having to reload the entire page. The technology is based on a set of web development technologies, including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and XML or JSON, that work together to make the process of exchanging data between the client and server more efficient and seamless.
Ajax is used to build responsive, interactive web applications, and it has become an essential tool for modern web development. It has enabled web developers to create web applications that provide a better user experience and faster response times. Ajax can be used to build a wide range of web applications, including online shopping carts, real-time messaging applications, social media platforms, and more.
Ankitcodinghub.com has expertise in providing Ajax homework help to students who are struggling with Ajax assignments. Our team of experienced developers has a deep understanding of the technology and can provide expert guidance on how to use Ajax to create dynamic, responsive web applications.
Here are three examples of how Ajax is used in web development:
Dynamic Form Submission
Ajax can be used to submit form data without having to reload the entire page. This technique is known as dynamic form submission, and it allows web developers to create forms that are more responsive and efficient. Instead of reloading the entire page every time a form is submitted, only the relevant form data is sent to the server and the page is updated with the response.
Here is an example of how dynamic form submission can be implemented using Ajax:
<form id="myForm" action="submit.php" method="post">
<input type="text" name="name" />
<input type="email" name="email" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
<script>
$(document).ready(function() {
$('#myForm').submit(function(event) {
// Stop form from submitting normally
event.preventDefault();
// Get form data
var formData = $(this).serialize();
// Send form data using Ajax
$.ajax({
url: $(this).attr('action'),
type: $(this).attr('method'),
data: formData,
success: function(response) {
// Update page with response
$('#myForm').html(response);
}
});
});
});
</script>
Real-Time Messaging
Ajax can also be used to create real-time messaging applications that allow users to communicate with each other in real-time. This is achieved by using Ajax to exchange data between the client and server, without having to reload the page.
Here is an example of how real-time messaging can be implemented using Ajax:
<div id="messages"></div>
<script>
// Function to update messages
function updateMessages() {
$.ajax({
url: 'get_messages.php',
type: 'get',
success: function(response) {
// Update messages
$('#messages').html(response);
}
});
}
// Call updateMessages function every 5 seconds
setInterval(updateMessages, 5000);
</script>
Auto-Suggest Search
Ajax can also be used to implement auto-suggest search functionality, which provides users with suggested search terms as they type in the search box. This can help users find what they are looking for more quickly and efficiently.
Here is an example of how auto-suggest search can be implemented using Ajax:
<input type="text" id="search" />
<div id="suggestions"></div>
<script>
// Function to get search suggestions
function getSuggestions() {
var searchTerm
Ajax is often used in modern web development to create dynamic and interactive web pages without requiring a full page reload. It is a combination of several web development technologies, including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and XML. By using Ajax, web developers can create websites and web applications that respond quickly and smoothly to user actions, enhancing the user experience.
One of the key benefits of Ajax is that it allows web developers to update parts of a web page without having to reload the entire page. This means that users can interact with a website or web application without experiencing any lag or delay. Ajax also allows for asynchronous requests to be made, meaning that multiple requests can be made at the same time without any delay in the user experience.
C Programming Assignment Help | C Programming Homework Help
Introduction to C Programming
C programming is a high-level programming language that is used to create system applications, operating systems, embedded systems, and software. It is a general-purpose programming language that was developed by Dennis Ritchie in the early 1970s at Bell Labs. The language was designed to support structured programming, which is a programming paradigm that emphasizes the use of clear and organized code.
C programming is a low-level language that provides direct access to memory, hardware, and system resources. It has a simple syntax and powerful control structures, which makes it an efficient language for creating fast and reliable software. Some of the notable features of C programming include the ability to write inline assembly code, support for pointers, and dynamic memory allocation.
C Programming Examples
Hello World Program
The “Hello World” program is the most basic program that can be written in any programming language. It simply prints the message “Hello, World!” to the console. Here is an example of the “Hello World” program in C:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
}
In this program, we include the stdio.h header file, which provides input and output functions. We then define the main function, which is the entry point of the program. Inside the main function, we call the printf function to print the message “Hello, World!” to the console. The return 0 statement is used to indicate that the program has executed successfully.
Factorial Program
The factorial of a non-negative integer n is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n. Here is an example of a factorial program in C:
#include <stdio.h>
int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0) {
return 1;
} else {
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
}
int main() {
int n = 5;
int result = factorial(n);
printf("Factorial of %d is %d\n", n, result);
return 0;
}
In this program, we define a recursive function factorial that calculates the factorial of a given integer n. If n is equal to zero, the function returns one. Otherwise, it multiplies n by the factorial of n-1. Inside the main function, we call the factorial function with the value 5 and store the result in the result variable. We then print the result to the console using the printf function.
Bubble Sort Program
Bubble sort is a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the wrong order. Here is an example of a bubble sort program in C:
#include <stdio.h>
void bubbleSort(int arr[], int n) {
int i, j, temp;
for (i = 0; i < n-1; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < n-i-1; j++) {
if (arr[j] > arr[j+1]) {
temp = arr[j];
arr[j] = arr[j+1];
arr[j+1] = temp;
}
}
}
}
int main() {
int arr[] = {5, 3, 8, 2, 1, 9};
int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
bubbleSort(arr, n);
int i;
printf("Sorted array: ");
for (i = 0; i
Fibonacci Series The Fibonacci series is a sequence of numbers in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. For example, the first ten numbers in the Fibonacci series are:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34
The following code in C computes the Fibonacci series:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n, i, t1 = 0, t2 = 1, nextTerm;
printf("Enter the number of terms: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Fibonacci Series: ");
for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
printf("%d, ", t1);
nextTerm = t1 + t2;
t1 = t2;
t2 = nextTerm;
}
return 0;
}
In this code, the user is prompted to enter the number of terms they want to display in the Fibonacci series. The variables t1 and t2 are initialized to the first two terms of the series, and the for loop computes the next term by adding t1 and t2 and then updating t1 and t2 to their next values.
Example : String Reversal String reversal is a common programming problem where the goal is to reverse the order of characters in a given string. The following code in C reverses a string:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str[100];
int i, j, len;
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", str);
len = strlen(str);
j = len - 1;
for (i = 0; i < len / 2; i++) {
char temp = str[i];
str[i] = str[j];
str[j] = temp;
j--;
}
printf("Reversed string is: %s", str);
return 0;
}
In this code, the user is prompted to enter a string, which is stored in the str variable. The length of the string is computed using the strlen() function. The for loop swaps the characters at the beginning and end of the string until the middle of the string is reached, effectively reversing the order of characters in the string. Finally, the reversed string is printed to the console.
Conclusion: In conclusion, C programming language is an important language for computer science students to learn. It is widely used in various industries and is particularly useful for low-level programming tasks. Ankitcodinghub.com has a team of experts who are well-versed in C programming and can provide homework help, project assistance, and other programming services. The team has experience working with a wide range of C programming concepts and can provide assistance with coding examples like those presented in this article.
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Before writing any code, it is good to have a general idea of what computer programming is in the first place. This lesson will go over what programming languages do and how they interact with computers. In addition, it will explain what sets Java apart from other languages and why it is useful. Finally, this lesson will discuss how Java is used in the real world and in FRC.
What are Programming Languages?
Even though modern computers may seem to be incredibly powerful and intelligent machines, they are really quite stupid. Computers take instructions from a computer program and interpret them literally. To illustrate this, think about the following sentence:
I saw a person on a hill with a telescope.
What does this sentence mean? Assuming you have a working knowledge of the English language, the sentence probably makes sense to you. However, different people may come to different conclusions about its meaning because it is totally ambiguous. A few possible meanings of the sentence include:
I saw the person. The person was on the hill. I was using a telescope.
I saw the person. I was on the hill. I was using a telescope.
I saw the person. The person was on the hill. The hill had a telescope.
I saw the person. I was on the hill. The hill had a telescope.
I saw the person. The person was on the hill. The person was using a telescope.
Indeed, the message conveyed by the sentence depends on the person reading it and the context of the sentence. We take advantage of this when speaking English, but computers don’t have such a luxury: they cannot use context when interpreting programs, so programs must be unambiguous. Computers have to interpret programs exactly the same way every single time. One could only imagine the consequences if the computers controlling air traffic or nuclear weapons behaved unpredictably due to differences in context.
The result of this is that computer programs are very specific sets of instructions. Computers interpret programs literally so that they execute precisely the same way every single time. The part of the computer responsible for interpreting and executing computer programs is known as the central processing unit (CPU).
A CPU takes takes computer programs in the form of machine code and sends electrical signals to execute the programs. Machine code is written in binary (0s and 1s), so it is totally incomprehensible to humans. As a result, we have developed what are known as higher-level programming languages. The higher-level a programming language is, the easier it is for humans to read and write.
Systems programming languages like C and C++ tend to be the lowest-level languages that humans work with frequently. They are readable by humans, but they are still fairly complicated. They tend to be used in situations where performance (execution speed) is important such graphic-intensive games or database software.
Above low-level languages like C and C++ are high-level languages like Java, Python, and Ruby. These languages are easier to read and write than low-level languages, but they are normally slower. In addition, they give the programmer far less direct control over the computer. There are some things that you simply cannot do in a high-level language like Java that you can in C++.
Why use Java?
If C and C++ are readable by humans and faster than Java, why would anyone use Java? There are a couple of reasons why people frequently use high-level languages like Java. Firstly, as mentioned already, even though humans can read and write C and C++, it is easier to read and write Java since Java is higher-level. Besides this, in many cases, the difference in speed between C or C++ and Java is unimportant. The final reason that Java is so popular is its philosophy of “write once, run anywhere”.
To understand this principle, you first must understand how programs written in low-level languages are executed. To run a C program, one must compile it. A compiler translates code in a language like C to machine code that the CPU can execute directly.
Now, think about all the different computers you have. If you have a laptop and a smartphone, they almost certainly have different CPUs inside. Your laptop almost certainly has a CPU made by Intel or AMD, and your phone probably has a CPU made by Apple, Qualcomm, or Samsung. Although it may seem like it, none of these CPUs functions in exactly the same way. Different CPUs have different types of machine code because they have different sets of instructions they can execute. Desktop/laptop CPUs normally have large instruction sets (x86) to maximize performance while mobile CPUs often have small instruction sets (ARM) to improve battery life.
Since different CPUs have different types of machine code, a program compiled from C on one computer might not run correctly on another computer (if it runs at all). Even though the C code is the same, the compiled machine code is different. This means that a program compiled from C cannot easily be shared with other people; their computers might not execute it the same way.
The Java philosophy of “write once, run anywhere” means that after writing and compiling Java code, the same compiled program can run on any computer. The way Java does this is with an intermediate language called Java bytecode. When you compile a Java program, it gets translated into Java bytecode—not machine code. Then, the Java bytecode can be distributed to any computer with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. The JVM executes Java bytecode by converting it into machine code for the specific CPU. This means that the only people who have to worry about the differences between different CPUs are the people who create the JVM.
One limitation you might think of to this process is that to run a Java bytecode program, a computer must have a JVM installed. However, Java is so ubiquitous that most computers have it. Indeed, lots of computers come with it preinstalled.
There are two main software packages that contain a JVM. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is intended for consumers. It contains a JVM and several other libraries required to run Java bytecode. The other package is the Java Development Kit (JDK), which is intended for programmers. The JDK includes the JRE and a compiler to translate Java into Java bytecode.
Java Today
Java is not the only language to abide by the “write once, run anywhere” principle. There are other programming languages that are compiled into Java bytecode and executed on the JVM. This includes languages like Scala, Kotlin, and Clojure. Each of these languages is newer than Java and improves on some of its flaws.
Despite the existence of these newer languages, Java still haas a large presence in technology throughout the world. In fact, according to the TIOBE index (a measure of programming language popularity), Java is the second most-used programming language in the world (as of May 2020). The only language more popular is C. Lots of older code is written in Java and needs to be maintained; it would be too expensive to completely rewrite it in another language. In addition, new applications are written in Java all the time. Fields in which Java is common include web development, Android apps, and business applications.
For the FIRST Robotics Competition, teams can use Java, C++, or LabVIEW. Our team uses Java for a plethora of reasons. LabVIEW is a graphical programming language developed by National Instruments (the company that makes the roboRIO), and it is meant to be easy for rookie teams to use, but its graphical syntax makes it cumbersome for experienced teams like us. C++ is a very powerful and popular language, but it is needlessly complicated for our team. In addition, its extra speed compared to Java is unnecessary for FRC. Most importantly, the AP Computer Science classes in our school district teach Java, so we have far more people with experience in it than in C++.
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Databases and database management systems have become a very essential part of today’s information systems. Most of our day-today activities certainly include a database interaction. It starts nowadays with the newly born children who get a record number in most of the governments in our modern world. It is involved in everything after that, going to school, graduating, getting a job, running or managing a business, buying travel tickets or even getting your groceries.
The purpose of this project is to take a look on the origins of databases from different perspectives (1) Its development over the years (2) different technologies adopted and (3) to take a look forward at what the future may hold for databases.
The ancient or modern society, humans and organizations always have the everlasting demand to store and retrieve information and data. Long ago, simple and non-computerized database system was developed and used in hospitals, governments, and libraries, of which some basic concepts of the design are still applied in nowadays database application. Following is the revolution timeline of the databases and their different types.
Origins of the database go back to libraries, governmental, business and medical records before the computers were invented. And back to 1960’s, two main data models were developed – network model CODASYL (Conference on Data System Language) and hierarchical model IMS (Information Management System).
The first generation of database was navigational. The relational database model was invented in 1970’s by E.F. Codd. whose model later became the standard principal of database systems. Also during that time, IBM developed the prototype system called System R. During 1980’s, it’s the time when relational system began to commercialized and the concept of the object-oriented database was developed. In 1990’s, developments were more focused on the client tools such as Oracle Developer and VB. When came to the 21st century, more interactive applications appeared and there is a growing trend to provide more sophisticated programming logic within the database structure.
.Database Development Timeline:
2.1 The Sixties
Back to 1960’s, Cobol and with Cobol, and later Fortran, the first non-proprietary programming language has been developed. And this makes it possible to create enterprise computer systems. Based on this, two main data models were developed, which are network model by C.W.Bachman (Bachman 1965) and hierarchical model IMS (Information Management System).
In the late 1960’s, IBM created the very first commercial system IMS for American Airlines to help them store reservation data. Both kinds of DBMSs (hierarchical and network) were accessible using Cobol, which makes it controllable to maintain and manage the database, but it’s still complicated and time consuming.
2.2 The Seventies
In 1970, a totally different database model was created by Edgar F. Codd. He published his paper “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks”. In the paper, Codd stated that all the data in a database could be represented as a tabular structure (tables with columns and rows). In the past, database applications are considered to search for data only by content instead of following links.
Peter Chen, proposed a new database model in 1976, which is the entity-relation model. And it serves as the foundation of many systems analysis and design methodologies.
2.3 The Eighties
In the early 1980s, research was centered on another type of database. It’s mainly due to the demand to solve the requirement to deal with large scale of data and complicated object. To accomplish these tasks, the database had to be able to store classes and objects and the objects associations and methods, and the object-oriented DBMS (OODBMS) appeared. In the late 1980s several companies had invented OODBMSs (e.g. ObjectDesign, Versant).
Also, SQL has become the standard query language from then. And RDBMS was beginning to be widely used in market. Not long after the IMB PC’s coming out, more and more DB companies were built as well as the products.
2.4 The Nineties
For 1990’s, most of the progresses were made concentrating on client tools for application development, such as PowerBuilder (Sybase), Oracle Developer, and VB (Microsoft).
The client-server model for computing served as the norm for future business analysis and decision. around the mid 1990’s after the internet emerged to the market, open source solutions came online with widespread use of GCC (GNU) Complier Collection), CGI (Computer Generated Imagery), Apache, and MySQL. Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) and Online Analytic Processing (OLAP) became much more popular because of the wide application of POS.
2.5 Early 21st Century
When coming to 21st century, database applications continue to develop. Thanks to the development of PDAs (Personal Data Assistants), consolidation of vendors, transections, more and more interactive database applications have been created. And apart from storing and retrieving data, the database application began to adopt more sophisticated programming language as well as more advanced features like triggers, cascading update, and delete. This makes database run more consistently within tables.
3.Database Types:
A database (DB) is basically grouped amount of data organized in a way that allows a computer program termed the Database Management System (DBMS) may easily manage it.
A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of software programs that gives a user the interaction ability to store, modify and extract data from a certain database. It enables the definition, creation, query, update and administration of databases.
There are three main categories of database management systems, and these are hierarchical, network and relational models. Each type differs in how the DBMS organizes data internally, and this determines the speed and efficiency of data retrieval.
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The network model is often used for a database management system if the relationships between the data records are defined in form of a graph. The records in this form are connected together via links and any given record may have several parent and/or dependent records. The network model permits cycles and allows many-to-many relationships to be expressed in a simple graph-like structure.
General Electric’s Integrated Data Store (IDS) and the Integrated Database Management System (IDMS) are two significant examples depicting the adoption of network model in databases.
3.2 Hierarchical Model
The hierarchical model is often used for a database management system if the relationships between data records are defined in form of a tree-like structure. It implies simple relationships yet inflexible. The records in this form are connected via links and any given record may have only one parent, though, it can have several child nodes.
The hierarchical model is a restricted version of the network model where at any given point the whole tree needs to be traversed in order to retrieve data. The IBM Information Management System (IMS) is one of the most widely used hierarchical databases.
3.3 Relational Model
A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a system where a relation is defined as a set of tuples represented by a table. Each column in the table contains data of the same type. Business rules are implemented in this kind of database by employing constraints in form of Boolean expressions to provide restrictions on the kinds of data to be stored.
Relations’ tuples are identified by unique fields called keys. The relational database can be accessed rapidly by an index as it allows direct look-up rather than checking all tuples.
The structured query language (SQL) is the computer language that deals with relational database. It is used to perform common operations like data storage and retrieval on the database.
The relational database deals with undefined or missing information by a three-valued logic where test results would be True, False or Null. The data in the relational model are represented as a mathematical n-ary relation. Each row in a table represents one n-tuple of a relation and cardinality is defined as the number of tuples in a relation. A tuple of a relation is considered a set, thus there is no defined ordering in a relation.
The relational model does not itself define the way in which the database handles concurrent data change requests. These changes are handled by a transaction model. A transaction is a transformation of state which has the properties of atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, ACID.
3.3.1 Structured Query Language (SQL)
The most popular and widely used database language SQL which was initially called SEQUEL. It was designed by IBM to retrieve and manipulate data in their database. It included common operations like insert, delete, update, query, schema creation and modification.
The most common operation in SQL is the query command, also known as SFW. It is performed by the SELECT statement to retrieve data FROM one or more tables WHERE target tuples satisfy certain condition.
The Data Manipulation Language (DML) is a subset of SQL used to add, update and delete data. The Data Definition Language (DDL) manages table and index structure. 3.3.2Oracle Database
An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit, and it is used to store and retrieve related information. It allows concurrent access to the data, thus it is a multi-user environment friendly. It is a secure database as it has the ability to prevent unauthorized access to the database and it also provides smooth recovery of information in the event of an outage.
The oracle database consists of one or more physical data files which contain all the data, along with a control file which specifies the database physical structure. In addition, it includes a logical storage that controls disc space usage.
The schema in an Oracle database is a group of objects which defines the logical structures to the database’s data. They include structures such as tables, views and indexes.
Similar to relational model, tables are the basic unit of data storage in an Oracle database, and each table has several rows and columns. The index function is not different from a relational database where it quickens access to table data, thus, enhances the data retrieval performance.
Data dictionaries is a common part of any Oracle database, it is the place where information about the logical and physical structure of the database can be found. It is created and updated automatically to ensure data consistency and accuracy.
The Oracle database server and application tools are managed by a Database Administrator (DBA) who allocates system storage and requirements. The access to the database is always monitored and controlled as well as its performance.
4. Next Generation Databases
With the emerging of big data in the market nowadays, a need for more sophisticated database system arouse. That leads to new technologies called NOSQL databases.
The successors of IBM in the databases field now like Google started developing new systems to handle massive amounts of data. Google bigtable was introduced early 2000s to cope with data variety, velocity and volume increase, aside, the new SQL analytics which was also introduced at the same time.
NOSQL databases came into play to fill in the gap of handling unstructured data and that when we started hearing of CouchDB, MongoDB, Cassandra and Redis. Aside, Hadoop which is another merging player too in this space, has gain traction for analyzing petabytes of data especially in the business intelligence area.
Today, businesses require real-time analytics on operational data. The SQL scale-up proves too costly but scale-out removes resource constraint. Scale-out provides real-time analytics with high volume transactions. Google and Clustrix are pioneers in this space.
Database experts are forecasting that the future belongs to the scaleout SQL which will replace the single node SQL. In addition, Data warehouse type analytics will become available in real-time database.
5. CONCLUSION
The future of databases would be of huge varieties and possibilities. The volume of database could be bigger and bigger and can tackle with huge amount of data set in a more innovative way. In the market there already exists mobile database. Technology keeps changing and improving, will solve people’s demand in a more convenient way, all you need to do is click. In business area, Distributed transaction processing is already becoming the standard for it. The future of database will continue to revolutionize and beyond our imagination.
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